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| native_name_lang = km | settlement_type = Province | image_skyline = RattanakiriVillage.jpg | image_caption = Ratanakiri countryside | image_alt = Primitive thatched houses on stilts lining a dusty red dirt road. Surrounding vegetation includes a variety of trees and some banana plants. | image_map = Cambodia Ratanakiri locator map.svg | map_caption = Location of Ratanakiri in Cambodia | map_alt = Map showing location of Ratanakiri in northeast Cambodia | latd = 13 |latm = 44 |lats = |latNS = N | longd = 107 |longm = 0 |longs = |longEW = E | coordinates_type = type:adm1st_region:KH | coordinates_display = title | coordinates_footnotes = | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = Cambodia | established_title = Established | established_date = 1959 | named_for = Khmer: រតនៈ (gem) + គិរី (mountain) | seat_type = Capital | seat = Banlung | leader_party = CPP | leader_title = Governor | leader_name = Thon Saron | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = 10782 | area_note = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | population_footnotes = 〔 | population_total = 184,000 | population_as_of = 2013 | population_density_km2 = auto | population_demonym = | population_note = | timezone1 = UTC+07 | postal_code_type = | postal_code = | iso_code = | website = | footnotes = }} Ratanakiri ((クメール語:រតនគិរី〔Alternative spellings include រតនៈគិរី, រតនគីរី, and រតនៈគីរី.〕) ) is a province (''khaet'') of Cambodia located in the remote northeast. It borders the provinces of Mondulkiri to the south and Stung Treng to the west and the countries of Laos and Vietnam to the north and east, respectively. The province extends from the mountains of the Annamite Range in the north, across a hilly plateau between the Tonle San and Tonle Srepok rivers, to tropical deciduous forests in the south. In recent years, logging and mining have scarred Ratanakiri's environment, long known for its beauty. For over a millennium, Ratanakiri has been occupied by the highland Khmer Loeu people, who are a minority elsewhere in Cambodia. During the region's early history, its Khmer Loeu inhabitants were exploited as slaves by neighboring empires. The slave trade economy ended during the French colonial era, but a harsh Khmerization campaign after Cambodia's independence again threatened Khmer Loeu ways of life. The Khmer Rouge built its headquarters in the province in the 1960s, and bombing during the Vietnam War devastated the region. Today, rapid development in the province is altering traditional ways of life. Ratanakiri is sparsely populated; its 150,000 residents make up just over 1% of the country's total population. Residents generally live in villages of 20 to 60 families and engage in subsistence shifting agriculture. Ratanakiri is among the least developed provinces of Cambodia. Its infrastructure is poor, and the local government is weak. Health indicators in Ratanakiri are extremely poor; men's life expectancy is 39 years, and women's is 43 years. Education levels are also low, with just under half of the population illiterate. ==History== Present-day Ratanakiri has been occupied since at least the Stone or Bronze Age, and trade between the region's highlanders and towns along the Gulf of Thailand dates to at least the 4th century A.D.〔"Settlement and agriculture in and adjacent to Virachey National Park", p. 5; Stark, (p. 96 ).〕 The region was invaded by Annamites, the Cham, the Khmer, and the Thai during its early history, but no empire ever brought the area under centralized control.〔 From the 13th century or earlier until the 19th century, highland villages were often raided by Khmer, Lao, and Thai slave traders.〔''Indigenous Peoples: Ethnic Minorities and Poverty Reduction'', pp. 6–7; "Settlement and agriculture in and adjacent to Virachey National Park", p. 5.〕 The region was conquered by local Laotian rulers in the 18th century and then by the Thai in the 19th century.〔"International Boundary Study No. 32", p. 4.〕 The area was incorporated into French Indochina in 1893, and colonial rule replaced slave trading.〔"Settlement and agriculture in and adjacent to Virachey National Park", p. 5.〕 The French built huge rubber plantations, especially in Labansiek (present-day Banlung); indigenous workers were used for construction and rubber harvesting.〔 While under French control, the land comprising present-day Ratanakiri was transferred from Siam (Thailand) to Laos and then to Cambodia.〔"International Boundary Study No. 32", p. 4; Stuart-Fox, (p. 27 ).〕 Although highland groups initially resisted their colonial rulers, by the end of the colonial era in 1953 they had been subdued.〔 Ratanakiri Province was created in 1959 from land that had been the eastern area of Stung Treng Province.〔''Indigenous Peoples: Ethnic Minorities and Poverty Reduction'', pp. 6–7.〕 The name ''Ratanakiri'' (រតនគិរី) is formed from the Khmer words រតនៈ (''ratana'' "gem" from Sanskrit ''ratna'') and គិរី (''kiri'' "mountain" from Sanskrit ''giri''), describing two features for which the province is known.〔Fox, (p. 115 ).; Headley et al., pp. 181, 1003; "Welcome to Ratnakiri".〕 During the 1950s and 1960s, Norodom Sihanouk instituted a development and Khmerization campaign in northeast Cambodia that was designed to bring villages under government control, limit the influence of insurgents in the area, and "modernize" indigenous communities.〔"Settlement and agriculture in and adjacent to Virachey National Park", p. 5; Sith Samath et al., (p. 353 ); Vajpeyi, (pp. 126–27 ).〕 Some Khmer Loeu were forcibly moved to the lowlands to be educated in Khmer language and culture, ethnic Khmer from elsewhere in Cambodia were moved into the province, and roads and large rubber plantations were built.〔"Settlement and agriculture in and adjacent to Virachey National Park", p. 5; Sith Samath et al., (p. 353 ); Vajpeyi, (p. 126 ).〕 After facing harsh working conditions and sometimes involuntary labor on the plantations, many Khmer Loeu left their traditional homes and moved farther from provincial towns.〔Sith Samath et al., (p. 353 ).〕 In 1968, tensions led to an uprising by the Brao in which several Khmer were killed.〔Chandler, ''The Tragedy of Cambodian History'', (p. 174 ); Dommen, (p. 618 ); Martin, (p. 114 ).〕 The government responded harshly, torching settlements and killing hundreds of villagers.〔 In the 1960s, the ascendant Khmer Rouge forged an alliance with ethnic minorities in Ratanakiri, exploiting Khmer Loeu resentment of the central government.〔Becker, pp. 107–108; Chandler, ''Brother Number One'', (p. 176 ); Locard; Martin, (p. 114 ).〕 The Communist Party of Kampuchea headquarters was moved to Ratanakiri in 1966, and hundreds of Khmer Loeu joined CPK units.〔Chandler, ''Brother Number One'', (p. 75 ); Chandler, ''The Tragedy of Cambodian History'', (pp. 158 ), (175 ).〕 During this period, there was also extensive Vietnamese activity in Ratanakiri.〔Short, (p. 171 ).〕 Vietnamese communists had operated in Ratanakiri since the 1940s; at a June 1969 press conference, Sihanouk said that Ratanakiri was "practically North Vietnamese territory".〔Kissinger, (p. 128 ); Short, (p. 171 ).〕 Between March 1969 and May 1970, the United States undertook a massive covert bombing campaign in the region, aiming to disrupt sanctuaries for communist Vietnamese troops. Villagers were forced outside of main towns to escape the bombings, foraging for food and living on the run with the Khmer Rouge.〔Clymer, p. 11; Sith Samath et al., (p. 353 ); Vajpeyi, (p. 127 ).〕 In June 1970, the central government withdrew its troops from Ratanakiri, abandoning the area to Khmer Rouge control.〔"Settlement and agriculture in and adjacent to Virachey National Park", p. 5.; Sith Samath et al., (p. 353 ).〕 The Khmer Rouge regime, which had not initially been harsh in Ratanakiri, became increasingly oppressive.〔Becker, pp. 108, 251; "Settlement and agriculture in and adjacent to Virachey National Park", p. 5.〕 The Khmer Loeu were forbidden from speaking their native languages or practicing their traditional customs and religion, which were seen as incompatible with communism.〔Sith Samath et al., (p. 353 ); Thomas, Anne et al., (p. 239 ).〕 Communal living became compulsory, and the province's few schools were closed.〔Thomas, Anne et al., (p. 239 ).〕 Purges of ethnic minorities increased in frequency, and thousands of refugees fled to Vietnam and Laos.〔Becker, p. 251; Vajpeyi, (p. 127 ).〕 Preliminary studies indicate that bodies accounting for approximately 5% of Ratanakiri's residents were deposited in mass graves, a significantly lower rate than elsewhere in Cambodia.〔Etcheson, (p. 116 ).〕 After the Vietnamese defeated the Khmer Rouge in 1979, government policy toward Ratanakiri became one of benign neglect.〔 The Khmer Loeu were permitted to return to their traditional livelihoods, but the government provided little infrastructure in the province.〔 Under the Vietnamese, there was little contact between the provincial government and many local communities.〔Sith Samath et al., "Addressing Anarchy", (pp. 353–54 ).〕 Long after the fall of the Khmer Rouge regime, however, Khmer Rouge rebels remained in the forests of Ratanakiri.〔Suzuki, p. 11; Waldick.〕 Rebels largely surrendered their arms in the 1990s, though attacks along provincial roads continued until 2002.〔 Ratanakiri's recent history has been characterized by development and attendant challenges to traditional ways of life.〔"Untangling the Web of Human Trafficking and Unsafe Migration in Cambodia and Lao PDR"; Vinding, ''The Indigenous World 2004'', (p. 256 ).〕 The national government has built roads, encouraged tourism and agriculture, and facilitated rapid immigration of lowland Khmers into Ratanakiri.〔Stidsen, (p. 324 ); Tyler, (p. 33 ); Vinding, ''The Indigenous World 2004'', (p. 256 ).〕 Road improvements and political stability have increased land prices, and land alienation in Ratanakiri has been a major problem.〔Vinding, ''The Indigenous World 2004'', (p. 256 ).〕 Despite a 2001 law allowing indigenous communities to obtain collective title to traditional lands, some villages have been left nearly landless.〔 The national government has granted concessions over land traditionally possessed by Ratanakiri's indigenous peoples,〔Hall et al., p. 76; Stidsen, (p. 324 ); Tyler, (p. 33 ); Vinding, ''The Indigenous World 2004'', (p. 256 ).〕 and even land "sales" have often involved bribes to officials, coercion, threats, or misinformation.〔 Following the involvement of several international non-governmental organizations (NGOs), land alienation had decreased in frequency as of 2006.〔Ashish Joshia Ingty John and Chea Phalla. "Community-based natural resource management and decentralized governance in Ratanakiri, Cambodia." In Tyler, (p. 53 ).〕 In the 2000s, Ratanakiri also received hundreds of Degar (Montagnard) refugees fleeing unrest in neighboring Vietnam; the Cambodian government was criticized for its forcible repatriation of many refugees.〔"Cambodia: Protect Montagnard Refugees Fleeing Vietnam"; Christie, (pp. 162-63 ).〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Ratanakiri Province」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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